Second, the learning concept of comparative
for Confucianism in China and Japan are concerned, learning refers Confucianism. So actually learning concept is the basic view of Confucianism, including the historical evolution of Confucianism in the authentic and the definition of heresy, on the authentic praise and criticism of the heresy of the comments by several aspects of the book. In a sense, the ancient schools of thought known as the old school, not because they are the unique achievements of philosophy, but rather depends on their to statecraft for the purpose of Scripture is also false to actually comment on the content to focus on anti-retro classics Song methods of learning for the concept. late Ming and early Qing dynasties of Song and Ming Neo against the reactionary, but also generally the case. So , the specific thoughts on comparing the two, it can not compare their concept of the primacy of learning.
overview of the history of Confucianism, we can find such a clue, in Confucianism, beginning with the religious factors and political factors, one blend to make specifications for, the leader of the individual Spring and Autumn Period, with the development and changes in the real world, same old from the ; increasingly isolated and independent in practice began to play a role, this is the annexation of the fierce war which Mencius, virtue and sweep the floor to make the status of the Warring States era. the face of the national total collapse of the real clan, trying to turn the tide in both the fall of Mencius, Therefore more emphasis Kong Xuewei traditional clan system, stressing that only to Mencius, Confucianism, to inherit the Neo-Confucianism Mencius vaunted one-sided development of this tendency, so that the self-cultivation, the cultivation of the inner nature of mind, a (ie, physical) is becoming useless empty talk from the reality of things. As Neo who disdain Utility, divorced from reality, talk about grounds on high, to meet the so-called self-cultivation in the realm of the mind, the results of a case of distress, they do nothing (the case of the late Ming that is). Thus, by late Ming and early Qing Neo-Confucianism thinkers denounced the anti-real learning . not by the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China's anti-Neo merged his thinking, nor in Japan since ancient times, before school. and, on the the history of thought, often in the existing ideas and values began to feel dissatisfied, and shaken the community value system, in order to oppose them, it stressed that his learning is real learning, to illustrate the rationality of its own. The content will change as the times change. Today as a real learning something, perhaps by others or are treated as virtual in the next era of science and pseudo-science to be negative, and to propose new ideas of real learning. This will focus on the meaning of ; true of the study , evidence and rationality as the basis for useful learning in real life.
we are so tired of talking about the history of thought of the China and Japan because of the anti-Confucianism with the thinkers of learning the history of the concept of the evolution of the situation, is our old school and anti-seventeenth century view of physical thinkers of knowledge prerequisite to compare.
whether it is the ancient Japanese school, or anti-Neo Ming and Qing Dynasty, are not constituted school in the strict sense, but simply have similar tendencies of some independent scholars to conduct academic activities in general. So, not only to the late Ming and early Qing dynasties of ancient anti-school and between Neo, even in the several branches of the ancient school and between the Ming and Qing thinkers in the anti-Confucianism, the learning concept is the same in different, different, but have the same. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize their learning concept, but can not be compared in general terms, can only the actual situation, in terms of basis points, to compare and analyze them.
(a) of the old school of learning the Japanese concept of
generally speaking, the old school of scholars in the view on knowledge, have focused authentic Confucianism and heresy in the dialectic, the worship of ancient kings and Confucius in China, as a positive pulse of Confucianism, Buddhism and Confucianism and the assistance of the Song of the school as a really are, therefore flag However, in many specific ideas and methods, Su Hang, Yan Chai and Sanded the different characteristics.
Suxing thought, learning authentic holy kings and Confucius in China, Duke and other kings, Jesus Christ is its luster. and bad weeks, born Zhong Ni, since its own pepole, who have not flourished in Confucius. Tsunatsune Lord, Mencius, the second, but not with the Han and Tang Zhu Ru Confucius and Mencius in the same breath, to Confucianism, Yin Yang Song release is old, and indeed heresy. St School of Communication, and devoid of Song Dynasty. He claimed to Duke Confucius as a Teacher, in his death two years later, mass St. authentic science in Japan, generously embodiment of Confucius in Japan claim.
in everyday life, Suxing advocates sage standard for judging right and wrong, the so-called knowledge way, that learning and as a saint. He saints as the existence of goodness and beauty, ceremony; its rule the world, things get what they want. only between the road daily, without excess and deficiency, that is to maintain way to become the standard to judge right and wrong. Therefore, people in their own words and actions demonstrate, that the model for all learning.
Suxing promote real learning, critical interpretation of the old science of Song will be mixed into Confucianism among the yin yang of Confucianism and Buddhism old. He said: Han and academia were Lao, Tang Song Zezong Zen, Luzi Jing Song, Ming Ming Wang who led astray in the Buddha, see, everyone can see also, during the Buddha yin yang of the believers of Confucianism, especially much. Language Class attitude. Song to address old as the cases, although not expressly born, but stressed that the main static, Lord King, Moran realized that, outside depends on the management, the demand on the heart, loss of lively people of the state, although not up to harmony obstruction of the wonderland, inevitably neglect the world, much in fact. Song, and Jing Jing day luxury of grounds on realization of Cultivation, in the real world can not help but ignore, into words. so Suxing refers as virtual learning. the Tokugawa era, The knowledge can be called real science, and played an active role in society.
school without studying under Yan Chai claimed, were the direct responsibility of Confucius and Mencius, to get to the root, to revitalize St. school in Japan. After his school system instead of Confucianism orthodoxy, and morality of the mass in the human contrast, advocates Road Yan Chai Chuan in the language (book) is not human, and therefore advocates the study of ancient meaning of the ladder, to The True Story of Lu. ; universal Kyushu, good good and evil evil beings, the father-son couples Kundi friends turn, each have their ethics and Syria, and not the custom for the left-ren who have noted that thanks to Master. on) his as if heaven and earth, infinite, through Jesus Christ and the same, quasi-universal but not illegal. the extreme universe, the first book. , the kernel fast devaluation interacts between the two complement each other. who invented the purpose of Confucius he thought the of a people. then can be read two books, scrolling)
in human nature, the kernel of goodness that fast to take Mencius, Xun Zi's evil nature that exclusion. He said: Jiewei good degree of ) in China during the Qin era of contending, Mencius is the goodness of the representatives, but also stressed that Saint On the Song of the many emphasis on human relations, , but the real similarities between the two. Yan Chai criticism of Buddhism and the intention of the disadvantages of the award is to engage in the luxury Mind Song Justice, trapped in silence alone the good, ignore the human relations, abandoning reality, mixed with heresy, back to the Jin. Thus the Song Yan Zhai Confucianism refers to as Song of the criticism he so much depth in the theory, rather, but also its moral practice itself. However, their theory, just as Su Hang, not off the grounds on the end of the study, although the nature of physical content and Song are different, However, not completely cut off contact, this is not the two of them completely at the critical Song. real learning from the development stage of the Japanese point of view, they learn Japanese as Zhu Xi and Yang Ming, who belong to the pursuit of truth, the pursuit of ethical practice Real Learning. If the ceremony and benevolence, the king and the saint outside of view, they focus on benevolence and saint, ignoring ceremony and outside the king. in Japan to achieve real learning from within outward in, including the development of non-empirical values mixed concept of real learning, is another representative of the ancient school ---- Disheng Sorai.
Sorai turned the ancient science, on the one hand by the Chinese scholar Wang Shi-zhen, Li Panlong impact on the other hand, more direct is the subject of ancient science and Pui Yan Chai Yi Xuan original stimulus and inspiration. According to the To book they arise, Christine made his best, but because it was Yan Chai have reached the critical condition, died the following year, Sorai not reply, it is inevitable grudge against Jen became his fasting, and dreams of the opportunity. Sorai and Yan Zhai, although the same Confucian order of the supreme objects of worship, but the attitude of followers of Confucius is very different. and suppression Xun Meng Yan Zhai respect to ; Six and Sorai like Xunzi. . In the past scholars, the sage is superior as a personality who is the saint of virtue as From a social standpoint that the king, from the implementation point of view that producers, when they were known as saints, it is the means that produce behavior. He does not come from a moral understanding of the nobility of the saints, but from the productions define the purpose of the absolute superiority of the saints, so that future generations can only follow the teachings of the saints, and can not learn, and which as a saint. He believes that the road is neither a congenital heart, human nature of things, not as innate ability or natural way things have been given, but the kings of the things produced. Road also. ) so the so-called knowledge, that learning kings of the Road, the kings of the road in poetry and literature, music, poetry and ritual as it is to learn the only science. and wish to study poetry and literature, music, will the ; as a bridge, want to read Su Xing, Yan Chai. He is fundamentally opposed to the classical speech of textual criticism for the content of the empirical method, which in Japan is a real learning to open up new stages of development in the history of the event. Because of this, it was his Confucianism, and is called Law Confucian genealogy Japan Movement that self-cultivation, but a political tool to be made without utilitarian, self good. He does not to study the ethical, self-cultivation is the main act, and independence in order to learn the main kings of the road. He excessive worship of kings, Confucius, that the kings, Confucius do When word of their words, not to speak of future generations, thus denying the possibility of learning progress. So, He is not heavy Disadvantages of later Confucians.
Sorai's such a tendency, on the one hand deny its empirical Song and Yan Zhai et al mysterious abstract metaphysical theory, empirical thinking of opening the first of its kind in Japan, as evidence the West after the Meiji science and ideas brought to Japan for the premise, there are progressive; the other hand, to cancel his has its negative aspects. In addition, because of its over-emphasis on utilitarian school of moral cultivation and neglect, resulting in more people whose doors have exceptional move, people were often criticized. as its doors were Taizai spring sets in, ; aggressive aim at Mr. covered, so it was not to take people to Germany, two or three disciples have heard the saying practice, moral disdain, only about literature. Sorai is the door to more people in Chi-off ... .... disadvantages too, not only as outsiders ridiculed President, As stated above, we can draw several conclusions as follows:
1, Su Hang, Yan Zhai, and Sorai advocated of Confucius who found that those kings of the road, called orthodox, but once regardless of the direction in which changed the kings of the Road, is considered deviant, attributed to heresy as well. Because of this, only one voice that they will be accused of Song Buddhism and Confucianism's view into the complex, thereby undermining the purity of Confucianism. If only they could see Song Yang Yin Buddhist and Taoist Confucianism, the fact that, no doubt, correct, and which attack the big plus, as outrageous, is is not correct. In fact, the history of Confucian point of view, since the Dong Han Dynasty that create and step into a dead-end theory, it is difficult and was brought to the Buddhist theory to compete. to the Sui and Tang Buddhist Tai Hing world, this situation is bound to have been part of those knowledgeable of the Confucian system, the cost of opening, the number of Buddhist and Daoist elements into Confucianism, Confucianism created system of speculative philosophy to speculative color and filled with Buddhist philosophy to compete, and seek the right to exist Confucianism. This is the theoretical background of physical production. So, if the point of view of historical materialism, Neo generation, not only its inevitability, but also as a major development of Confucianism, the philosophy of Confucianism into a higher level. Old school scholars certainly do not understand this, only to see the dust of Science some of the shortcomings of Buddhism, such as into the silence, contempt of human relations, advocating talk, immune, etc., to maintain the position of Confucian orthodoxy to evaluate the critical Neo, this is where the limitations of the ancient school of scholars. And, regardless of social and historical development reality and blindly to the Confucian concept of right and wrong to judge all, the inevitable fall into the mire of retro and dogmatism.
2, in the critique of Song, Su Hang, Yan Chai assistance focused on the physical interpretation of the old Confucianism, which makes Confucianism to fall into empty talk, and not without criticism of the practical aspects. for the purpose of study, the two are not essentially different with the Song, focus on moral training, that can be learned and to the saints, and to become sage as the highest level of scholarship, the history of Confucianism and the Outer saint this point of view on the evolution of conflict, neglect paying attention to the Outer saint this point, Su Hang, Yan Chai and Song is the same strain. This suggests that Su Xing Song Yan Chai on the one hand with the criticism an attempt to shake off the shackles of Song; the other hand, the objective limitations by Song, did not completely sever ties with the Song. This is because, Su Xing and Yan Chai is the belief Song Learning and Song Learning Go to criticism, this shift is not completely reborn, inevitably leave a mark on the Song School. In addition, they represent a small landlord class itself has a compromise and weakness of the rulers can not truly the enemy, this class roots, but also to some extent affects their philosophy of Zhu Xi as the official attitude. In contrast, Sorai's critique of Song, Yan Zhai, and Su Xing than the much more thoroughly, he not only criticized Song of the assistance of the Buddhism and Confucianism, fell into heresy, more importantly, critical Song inherited Mencius, too much emphasis on the expense of saint and set outside the king. Sorai is a change in the style of Confucian emphasis on moral training, that is only self-cultivation means to rule the world, and not learn and to think that the saints. for the purpose of study, not as a saint, but to rule the world, so that living outside the king is more important than the status of saint. Sorai Wang and utility of external tone, reflecting the late feudal society of Japan and the seeds of capitalism accompanied by the growing class of people the reality, and their resistance to the sense of feudal rule. So, in attitude towards the followers of Confucius, and Yan Zhai also Culai very different. Yan Chai attention Mencius stressed the Saints, and neglects the stresses occasional impulse, but by their basic positions determined by the inevitable choice. the so-called hou: real transformation of the external character of the environment. The traditional view has always been, as the former is legitimate, the latter suspected of heresy, this is really a misunderstanding. If, as Mencius ideas to determine, the conclusions drawn above is inevitable. But if out of this idea, but really based on reality, would come to completely different conclusions. In a Confucian culture as the backbone of the traditional culture, has always been taboo about utilitarian This is a biased understanding of Confucianism and caused more than two thousand years of feudal rule. Now, we re-evaluation of Confucianism, the time to correct this bias.
3, in scholarly research methods, Su Xing, Yan Zhai and Migration of Lai have taken the retro Classics methods. They are the direct pulse himself as Confucius and Mencius, Confucianism and thus give up after all the comments, directly back to the Confucian classics among the original and make their own interpretation of this. This is what they are called Old school reasons. Suxing the ancient forerunner of school, there is no systematic approach, so a little regardless. Yan Chai Chong initiatives to study the ancient meaning of the ladder, Ming Ming St. ancient meaning can then learn tenor. Sorai Zeyi Classical Prose Studies to be kings of the road bridge. Although there are differences between the two specific methods, but in the worship of kings, Confucius, Confucius, on the right and wrong is wrong, then exactly the same. Of course, not retro in itself is their real purpose, but they so it is hard to get rid of this ancient form of the inevitable limitations of their own. because of too much worship of the ancient superstition, which fall into the quagmire of dogmatism and retro unable to extricate themselves, negating the possibility of further development of knowledge. And to the method itself and the Classics words, so they just made real learning, intended to statecraft, in fact, as immersed in the classical meaning of the textual criticism of ancient among the final flourish can not face reality. Confucianism in Japan, the rise of classical studies, indicating that it has entered the dead end, to convey more and more away from reality because of Confucianism and science and about to outdated information. This shows that, to overcome the disadvantages of Confucianism is the only correct way to continue to move forward. rely on the natural and social life of the latest achievements of replacement workers continue to improve and develop their own, the rebirth of Confucianism is the only correct road, back is simply not feasible. This is also the current theories sector should learn from the lessons learned.
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